ABSTRACT
Human cortical radial glial cells are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical glutaminergic projection pyramidal neurons, glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) and olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons. One of prominent features of the human cortex is enriched with glial cells, but there are major gaps in understanding how these glial cells are generated. Herein, by integrating analysis of published human cortical single-cell RNA-Seq datasets with our immunohistochemistical analyses, we show that around gestational week 18, EGFR-expressing human cortical truncated radial glial cells (tRGs) give rise to basal multipotent intermediate progenitors (bMIPCs) that express EGFR, ASCL1, OLIG2 and OLIG1. These bMIPCs undergo several rounds of mitosis and generate cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and olfactory bulb interneurons. We also characterized molecular features of the cortical tRG. Integration of our findings suggests a general picture of the lineage progression of cortical radial glial cells, a fundamental process of the developing human cerebral cortex.
Subject(s)
Humans , Astrocytes , Cell Differentiation , Cerebral Cortex , Neuroglia , OligodendrogliaABSTRACT
Mouse cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and olfactory bulb (OB) GABAergic interneurons in late embryogenesis. There are fundamental gaps in understanding how these diverse cell subtypes are generated. Here, by combining single-cell RNA-Seq with intersectional lineage analyses, we show that beginning at around E16.5, neocortical RGCs start to generate ASCL1
ABSTRACT
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum, which can be divided into D1 and D2 MSNs, originate from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). Previously, we reported that Six3 is a downstream target of Sp8/Sp9 in the transcriptional regulatory cascade of D2 MSN development and that conditionally knocking out Six3 leads to a severe loss of D2 MSNs. Here, we showed that Six3 mainly functions in D2 MSN precursor cells and gradually loses its function as D2 MSNs mature. Conditional deletion of Six3 had little effect on cell proliferation but blocked the differentiation of D2 MSN precursor cells. In addition, conditional overexpression of Six3 promoted the differentiation of precursor cells in the LGE. We measured an increase of apoptosis in the postnatal striatum of conditional Six3-knockout mice. This suggests that, in the absence of Six3, abnormally differentiated D2 MSNs are eliminated by programmed cell death. These results further identify Six3 as an important regulatory element during D2 MSN differentiation.
ABSTRACT
Regarding to the sharply increased applications and relatively lower rate of successful funding for major projects in the fields of Critical Care/Wounds and Injuries/Burns/Plastic Surgery from the National Natural Science Foundation of China in recent years, the author summarized the funded projects in this specific field from 2014 to 2018, discussed the characteristics and trends of these applications and grants, and summarized the hotspot issues and frontier researches so as to help the applicants in the future.
ABSTRACT
Regarding to the sharply increased applications and relatively lower rate of successful funding for major projects in the fields of Critical Care/Wounds and Injuries/Burns/Plastic Surgery from the National Natural Science Foundation of China in recent years, the author summarized the funded projects in this specific field from 2014 to 2018, discussed the characteristics and trends of these applications and grants, and summarized the hotspot issues and frontier researches so as to help the applicants in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective To isolate neuroepithelial stem cells from the spinal cord neural tube of the embryonic rat and induce them to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Methods Serum free cells suspension culture and single cell cloning technique were used to isolate neuroepithelial stem cells. 5 bromo 2 deoxyuridine(BrdU) to label new cells combined with single or double immunocytochemistry staining to detect nestin antigen before differentiation and neural cell specific antigens after differentiation, such as neurofilament (NFM 160?kD), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP), galactocerebroside(GalC) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH). Striatal extracts were used to induce neuroepithelial stem cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Results The cells isolated from the spinal cord neural tube of the embryonic rat expressed nestin antigen. They had the potential to serially passage and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Striatal extracts could induce 12% of them to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons compared with 3% in controls.Conclusion The cells, which express nestin antigen, isolated from neural tube are multipotent and have the ability to self renew, therefore, they are neural stem cells. These stem cells can be induced to differentiate into specific neurons in vitro. Which can provide materials for neural transplantation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the pregnant mouse dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone(SVZ). Methods Injection of the thymidine analog 5 bromo 2 deoxyuridine (BrdU)to determine the extent of cell proliferation combined with single or double immunohistochemistry staining with antibodies BrdU,TuJ1(class Ⅲ ? tubulin,neuron specific early differentiation marker)and GFAP. Results The number of BrdU positive cells in the pregnant mouse dentate gyrus was significantly more than that of unpregnant mouse dendate gyrus but not in the subventricular zone.In dentate gyrus,approximately 80% of these cells were neuronal characteristics (TuJ1 immunoreactive)and 3%～5% of these cells were astrocytic characteristics(GFAP immunoreactive).Conclusion\ These findings suggest that pregnancy significantly increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus and present the possibility that these new cells exert an important influence on hippocampal function